Вплив мінімального обробітку ґрунту та удобрення на ріст і розвиток рослин соняшнику в умовах Північного Степу

Abstract

Обґрунтована доцільність застосу-вання мілкого мульчувального обробітку ґрунту (чизельний, плоскорізний) та поліпшеної системи удобрення (N60P30K30 + післяжнивні рештки попередника) в технології вирощування соняш-нику після пшениці озимої, що забезпечує оптимальний ріст і розвиток рос-лин та високий рівень продуктивності соняшнику (2,51–2,72 т/га), який за врожаєм насіння практично не поступається врожаю, вироще-ному за полицевої оранки (2,53–2,67 т/га).Problem. The sunflower culti-vation is one of the most profitable areas of agricultural production; it requires further improvement of the methods and systems of tillage during its proceedings in connection with the trend towards energy conservation, minimization, and leaving crop resi-dues on the field surface. Recently in the technology of sunflower cultiva-tion the significant spread is become the small multivalley cultivation of the soil, which eliminates the possibility of the topsoil turning and provides for the previous crops by-products usage. Research results. As it is known, the temperature at the initial stages of sunflower development, moisture content and effective soil fertility are among the major factors that directly affect the phenology, biometric parameters and the elements of oilseeds productivity. Taking into consideration of the weather condi-tions the biggest height of plants (166–175 cm), diameter of stem (2,1–2,9 cm) and number of leaves on 1 plant (17–22 pieces) in the flowering phase was registered in a favorable years 2011 and2013. In droughty 2012 year the figures were respectively 125–134 cm, 2,0–2,7 cm and 15–18 PCs./plant. It is observed a positive effect of complex mineral fertilizers, espe-cially with high nitrogen content, on the sunflower biometrics. The differ-ence in the plant height between ferti-lized (N60P30K30) and not fertilized backgrounds was not significant; the diameter of stem and number of leaves per 1 plant were significant and amounted to an average respectively 0,3–0,4 cm and 1,3 to 2,2 PC. Characteristic symptom, which was appeared itself in the vegetation period of the oilseed crops, this was the slowed growth and development of plants on a natural background on turning and chisel cultivation before the anthodium formation phase. This is primarily due to the difference of the placement topography of post-harvest predecessor residues (winter wheat), different degrees of mixing and separation of the soil mass, which were significantly influenced on the quality of sowing and the fluxion of microbiological processe.