Агротехнічні заходи підвищення урожайності насіння соняшника в умовах Степу України

Abstract

Наведено результати дослідження технології вирощування соняшника в Степу України.Показано вплив насичення соняшником сівозмін, встановлено через скільки років його слід повертати на те саме поле. З’ясовано строки та способи сівби, густоту стояння рослин і урожайність рекомендованих гібридів соняшника. Оптимізовано строки та норми застосування мінеральних добрив, фізіологічно активних речовин, біопрепаратів і пестицидів. Доведено, що в структурі посіву, соняшника повинно бути не більше 20 %. Важливим фак-тором підвищення продуктивності рослин олійної культури є застосування добрив (N40Р60К30), вносити їх краще під оранку або під передпосівну культивацію. Вирощувати соняшник можна без хімічних препаратів, але вищі врожаї насіння будуть при використанні ґрунтових і страхових гербіцидів. Високу продуктивність соняшник забезпечує при звужені міжрядь до 35 см, що пояснюється кращим розміщенням рослин на посівній площі. В посівах зі звуженими міжряддями можна обійтися без міжрядних обробітків, але густоту насадження треба підвищувати на 8–12 тис. рослин/га проти оптимальної в посівах з міжряддями 70 см. The article presents the results of research on sunflower growing technology in the Steppe of Ukraine. The influence of crop rotation supply withsunflower and the period of its return to the previous place are shown. The time and methodsof sowing, the density of sunflower plantingand the crop yield of recommended hybrids are investigated. The timeand rateof fertilizer application, physiologically active substances, biological preparations and pesticides are optimized. In Ukraine, sunflower is the main oilseed crop, which is cultivated on an area of about 5 million hectares. The gross output of sunflower seeds is 9–11 million tons, and crop yields in recent years reached 1,65–2,15 tons/ha. Further increase of the gross output of sunflower seeds should take place without sacrificing the sowingareas, but increasing the crop yields. There are many reserves for a successful solution to this problem. This is confirmed by the best agricultural farms in Ukraine, where the crop yield of sunflower seeds is more than 3,0 t/ha. Field experiments were carried out at the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS during 2008–2015. The soil of the test plotswas ordinary, heavy-loamychernozem. The humus content is 4,0–4,2 %. By the results of researcheswere established, that among the hybrids of domestic selection,the high rating deserve: Limit, Charodii, Basalt, Antracyt, Sonagro, Sibson, Forward, Riurik, Zorepad, Oreoland others. According to data of multi-year researches, obtained in the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, were proved, that the return of sunflower to the previous place in 9 years provided the crop yield of seeds 2,63 t/ha, in 5 years – 2,60; in 3 years – 2,19; in a year – 1,63 t/ha, and in monoculture –1,28 t/ha. An important factor in the effective use of moisture and obtaining thebumper seed crop is the application of fertilizers. Sunflower provides an efficient usage of fertilizer aftereffects and provides an increase in the crop yield for 0,2–0,4 t/ha due to application of mineral fertilizers N40Р60К30before sowing crop. It is the most effective to applythe fertilizers in the autumn before the plowingat depthof 25–27 cm or in the spring just before sowing at depth of 10–12 cm, locally. The increase in seed yield,for 0,15–0,18 t/ha, provides a local placement of fertilizer P10. Also effectiveare liquid complex fertilizers (LCF) of brand (N10P30) at the rate of 1,5–2,0 dt/ha for the basal application. Thus, based on the data of multi-year researches,the sunflower should be sown in favorable climatic conditions zones. In the cropping pattern it should be no more than 20 % of sunflower, with the return it to the previous place in 4–7 years. For sowing sunflower it is necessary touse only hybrids of high productivity and resistant to diseases. The highest crop yield of sunflower hybrids is provided by placing them after plowing at a depth of 25–27 cm. With reducing the depth of cultivation to 10–12 cm or direct sowing in uncultivated soil leads to a decrease in the yield of sunflowerseeds. An important factor in increasing the crop yield is the use of fertilizers (N40Р60К30), which is better to applybefore plowing or before the pre-sowing cultivation. The high efficiency in the technology of sunflower growing also provides the use of physiologically active substances and biological products. For sowing of sunflower it is need to use the seeds with a weight of 1000 pcs not less than 28 g. It is better to sow the sunflower seeds in spring when the soil is warmed to 8–12 °C. Late-autumnsown crops are often died and are effective only in 30 % of cases. It is possible to grow sunflower without herbicides, but better results can be achieved with weed control using the soil-applied and post-emergent herbicides. The high productivity can be providedat narrowingthe inter-row spacingout of 70 to 35 cm, which is explained by the best placement of plants in the area. In crops with narrowed inter-row spacingthere are no inter-row cultivations, and the crop density is increased by 8–12 thousand of plants/ ha correspondingly to the optimum crop density at conventionalwide-row spacing (70 cm). -