Воздействие некоторых экологических факторов на образование почв техногенных экосистем

Abstract

Наведено результати багаторічних досліджень щодо визначення впливу біотичних і абіотичних факторів на утворення грунтів в умовах техногенного середовища степової зони України. Встановлено, що першими на розкривні гірські породи поселяються насіння і бактерії аборигенних видів рослин і мікроорганізмів. Багаторічні бобові трави (люцерна і еспарцет) проявляють велику екологічну пластичність кореневих систем і спільно з мікроорганізмами та ферментами перетворюють гірську породу в біологічно діяльне середовище. Some results of years of research to identify the impact of environmental factors (biotic and abiotic) in the formation of soil in a man-made environment of the steppe zone of Ukraine. The influence of some abiotic (climate, rock, relief, mineral fertilizers, irrigation) and biotic (perennial grasses, organic fertilizers and composts, microorganisms and protozoa, invertebrates and vertebrates, enzymes) factors on the formation of soils. It was found that the first stripping rocks and bacteria colonize the seed of native species of plants and microorganisms. Perennial legumes (Medicago L. and Onobrychis Adans) 3rd year of life are dominant and are the centers of concentration of soil fertility elements. The meter layer of rock they accumulate up to 11 t/ha of roots in the air-dry measurements. They, for example, only one layer of 0–20 cm, contained an average of 350 kg/ha of N, 45 kg P2O5, 110 kg K2O and 290 kg/ha CaO. It is experimentally proved that the dynamics of the total number of microorganisms due to the complex nature of the relationships that are emerging between microorganisms, plant roots and physical-chemical properties of parent rocks, exposed to constant weather conditions. Formed under the influence of harsh environmental conditions of the microbial community structure relatively conservative, and therefore the number of individual groups of organisms reflects the level of biological activity of the parent rock. In any case, the maximum number of microorganisms is timed for the spring season. The last thing they number in the summer. From this it depends on the intensity of decomposition of plant residues in the formation. As an example, data on mass oligonitrophilic that reaches high values, especially in the rhizosphere of grasses, where they are only one layer of 0–20 cm accumulate 42,1 kg/ha nitrogen gsha. The evolution of the system plant – soil-forming rock – microorganisms occurs in the direction of increasing the density of living matter and enhancing its impact on organic and mineral part of the breed. It was shown that the enzyme activity is a measure of the intensity and direction of soil formation processes, taking place under the influence of biotic and abiotic factors. Here the roots of plants and micro-organisms carried out a major contribution to the formation of the enzyme potential soil forming.