Обґрунтування ефективності елементів органічного землеробства Лівобережного Лісостепу

Abstract

У дисертаційній роботі висвітлено теоретичне узагальнення і нове науково-обґрунтоване вирішення завдання щодо найраціональнішого використання в умовах Лівобережного Лісостепу України чорнозему типового та вирощування культур за впровадження в сівозміні проміжної сидерації та безполицевого обробітку ґрунту. Обґрунтовано найоптимальніше використання проміжного періоду вегетації післяжнивним сидератом редьки олійної та найефективніше його загортання під посіви буряків цукрових і картоплі глибоким безполицевим обробітком. Встановлено поліпшення поживного режиму та агрофізичних параметрів родючості чорнозему типового, зниження потенційної і фактичної забур’яненості, відновлення вмісту гумусу, формування найбільших прибавок врожаїв за найменшої потреби та найвищої окупності фінансових і енергетичних ресурсів від впровадження елементів органічного землеробства. Розраховано кореляційні і регресійні залежності впливу останніх на показники родючості чорнозему типового та урожайності культур сівозміни. According to the results of the conducted research, for the conditions of Left-Bank Forest-Steppe the limits of productivity and fertilizing value of oil radish, phacelia tansy, buckwheat and winter rye greens in intermediate sowing of warm and dry period; the optimal parameters of agrochemical, agrophysical and phytosanitary properties of typical black soil while using elements of organic farming were determined. In the conditions of Left Bank Forest-Steppe, oil radish formed the largest phytomass – 30 t/ha, which contained nitrogen of 136-157 kg/ha, phosphorus – 51.7-56.1, potassium – 141-157 and calcium 175-178 kg/ha, and most effectively used the potential of the postharvest period that proved the greatest strength of the direct correlations between its phytomass and the duration of the period of active vegetation and the sum of temperatures > 5 ºC – r = 0.90 and 0.56. The application of post-harvest green radish oil and carrying out moldboardless ploughing at a depth of 28-30 cm provided the highest content of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen 107 and 114 mg/kg, mobile phosphorus – 125 and 130 mg/kg and exchangeable potassium – 122 and 124 mg / under sugar beet and potato crops in the soil layer of 0-30 cm. The use of green oil radish fertilizer provided a deficit-free balance of nutrients for all tillage options as a prerequisite for maintaining and increasing the potential fertility of typical black soil in the cultivation of sugar beets and potatoes. The intermediate sowing of oilseed radish best improved the structure of the root layer of soil 0-30 cm in the postharvest period: the coefficient of structure increased by 0.44 units, as well as the content of water-regulating fractions by 4.2 %, decreased the share of bristle and dust fraction by 2.54 and 0.86 % and the equivalent diameter and outer surface of the units by 0.5 mm and 3.7 cm2/g; the water resistance of soil aggregates increased mostly up to 44.1-47.4 % total, capillary and aeration porosity – up to 55.8, 33.8 and 34.0 % and soil water permeability – up to 3.79-1.79 mm /min; the density decreased up to 1.1 g/cm3 and the hardness up to 13.1 kg/cm2. The placement of green manuring of oil radish by moldboardless ploughing to a depth of 28-30 cm increased, compared to ploughing, the coefficient of structure by 0.06 and 0.11, the content of wind-resistant fractions – by 1.21 and 0.98 %, and water-resistant units – by 1, 4 and 1.6 %; the share of brilliant and dusty fractions decreased by 0.39 and 0.83 %. The elements of organic farming such as oil radish green fertilizer for deep tillage in the cultivation of sugar beets and potatoes provided in the root-containing (0-30 cm) layer of typical black soil lowest density – 1.17 and 1.14 g/cm3 and hardness – 10,2 and 9.2 kg/cm2 and the highest total porosity – 52.2 and 53.6 %, and non-capillary – 19.8 and 25.4 %, aeration porosity – 28.3-30.2 %. Due to the better loosening of typical black soil, under the test crops the highest water permeability was preserved – 2.19 and 2.29 mm/min, and the reserves of productive moisture in the layer of 0-30 cm – 35.3 and 34.4 mm and 0-100 cm – 117, 6 and 116.8 mm. The application of oil radish green manuring provided the lowest potential weediness of typical black soil in the layer of 0-30 cm: by 13.1 million units/ha – at the time of vegetation restoration and by 13.8 and 13.9 million units/ha – at the time of harvesting sugar beets and potatoes. The share of the influence of oilseed radish phytomass on potential contamination was the highest in all soil layers – 70-92.5 %. With moldboardless ploughing the potential clogging of the 0-30 cm layer decreased by 0.6-1.3 million units/ha compared to plowing. The largest share of the influence of radish green manure on the reduction of potential clogging was determined by plowing and deep tillage – 77 and 74 %. Post-harvest green radish oilseed and moldboardless ploughing to a depth of 28-30 cm contributed to the highest yields of sugar beets – 35.4-36.6 t/ha and potatoes – 30.3-30.9 t/ha, the sugar and starch content increased, compared to the control (without green manure) by 0.1-0.4 %, and their collection, respectively, reached 5.77-5.93 and 4.03-4.08 t/ha. Climatic conditions of the vegetation period had a significant effect on yield – 70-81 %. Here the weakest correlation was found for moldboardless ploughing to a depth of 28-30 cm; with air temperature r = 0.5, and with precipitation r = 0.42. The inclusion of their cultivation of post-harvest green radish green manure in the technology cost 470 UAH/ha and carrying out moldboardless ploughing to a depth of 28-30 cm – 587 UAH/ha. The application of these agricultural measures by increasing the yield of row crops enabled to obtain the highest profit from the cultivation of sugar beets – 15165 UAH/ha and potatoes – 38180 UAH/ha, and the level of profitability – 92.8 and 101.6 %, respectively, at the lowest product unit cost – 462 and 1240 UAH/t. The use of post-harvest green radish oilseed and moldboardless ploughing to a depth of 28-30 cm provided the highest energy recovery of sugar beets – 4.29 and potatoes – 2.89 and their yield growth – 9.9 and 13.7, respectively, required the lowest energy consumption for growing 1 t yield of beet roots – 34.0 MJ/ha and potato tubers – 72 MJ/ha and reduced energy consumption for additional yields to 14.7 and 15.2 MJ/t. Productivity of crop rotation at the maximum saturation of its intermediate crops of green manures increased to 53-54 c/ha k.o. in typical black soil, the humus content steadily increases – by 0.2 %, carbon – by 0.4-0.6 t/ha and nutrients – by 8-13 %. The application of intermediate green manure in crop rotation at insignificant production costs – at the level of 15 thousand UAH/ha, provides the lowest cost of cultivated products – 280 UAH/ha and the highest net profit – 19 thousand/UAH/ha and the level of profitability 124-129 %.