Аналіз причин гідродинамічної аварії на ґрунтових гідротехнічних спорудах каскаду штучних водойм

Abstract

Представлені результати обстеження та аналіз причин виникнення гідродинамічної аварії на ґрунтових дамбах каскаду штучних водойм. Встановлені основні причини і фактори, які призводять до виникнення аварійних ситуацій і відмов у роботі гідротехнічних споруд за сучасних умов експлуатації. Запропоновані підходи щодо попередження руйнувань ґрунтових ГТС шляхом своєчасної діагностики їх технічного стану, що надасть можливість виявляти небезпечні та потенційні зони прориву на стадії їх формування.

The results of the survey and analysis of the causes of the hydrodynamic accident on the soil dams of the cascade of artificial reservoirs are presented. The main reasons and factors that lead to the emergence of emergency situations and failures in the operation of hydrotechnical facilities under the current conditions of technical exploitation and climate change are established. Analysis of the results of the research allowed to establish the following regularity: firstly - the unjustified technical parameters and design of both the body of dams and spillway's for the passage of maximum costs of rain (storm floods); secondly - the lack of design technical documentation and the construction of hydraulic structures without proper hydrological calculations; and thirdly - the sudden formation of a propane in the weakest places of dams where the areas of filtration deformations and suffusion were formed. On this fact it is indicated that the overflow of water through the crest over the entire perimeter of the dam was not occurring and additionally formed several zones of destruction from the side of the lower slope of the dam. One of the disadvantages, too, is the technology of dam construction without proper compaction of soil masses and the use of soil materials that do not meet the regulatory requirements. Soils have different physical and mechanical composition, used local materials: clay, loam, sandy loam and humus. It was determined that the contact zones of soils with different properties formed potentially dangerous areas of filtration deformations, which in the future could also provoke an accident, but the destruction occurred earlier because of the formation of a propane due to the excessive amount of water with atmospheric precipitation and the melting of snow. Proposed approaches to prevent the destruction of soil hydraulic structures by timely diagnosis of their technical condition, which will enable to identify the hazardous and potential breakthrough areas at the stage of their formation.